فاطمه كول
07-03-2005, 05:42 AM
Introduction
Marco Polo's life are that he was the first European to cross the entire continent of Asia and leave a record of what he saw and heard. He explored China and many other places.
Marco Polo (1254-1324), is probably the most famous Westerner traveled on the Silk Road. He excelled all the other travelers in his determination, his writing, and his influence. His journey through Asia lasted 24 years. He reached further than any of his predecessors, beyond Mongolia to China. He became a confidant of Kublai Khan (1214-1294). He traveled the whole of China and returned to tell the tale, which became the greatest travelogue.
In 1260 two Venetian merchants arrived at Sudak, the Crimean port. The brothers Maffeo and Niccilo Polo went on to Surai, on the Volga river, where they traded for a year. Shortly after a civil war broke out between Barka and his cousin Hulagu, which made it impossible for the Polos to return with the same route as they came. They therefore decide to make a wide detour to the east to avoid the war and found themselves stranded for 3 years at Bukhara.
The marooned Polo brothers were abruptly rescued in Bukhara by the arrival of a VIP emissary from Hulagu Khan in the West. The Mongol ambassador persuaded the brothers that Great Khan would be delighted to meet them for he had never seen any Latin and very much wanted to meet one. So they journeyed eastward. They left Bukhara, Samarkand, Kashgar, then came the murderous obstacle of the Gobi desert. Through the northern route they reached Turfan and Hami, then headed south-east to Dunhuang. Along the Hexi Corridor, they finally reached the new capital of the Great Khan, Bejing in 1266.
The Great Khan, Mangu's brother, Kublai, was indeed hospitable. He had set up his court at Beijing, which was not a Mongol encampment but an impressive city built by Kublai as his new capital after the Mongols took over China in 1264 and established Yuan dynasty (1264-1368). Kublai asked them all about their part of the world, the Pope and the Roman church. Niccolo and Matteo, who spoke Turkic dialects perfectly, answered truthfully and clearly. The Polo brothers were well received in the Great Khan's capital. One year later, the Great Khan sent them on their way with a letter in Turki addressed to Pope Clement IV asking the Pope to send him 100 learned men to teach his people about Christianity and Western science. He also asked Pope to procure oil from the lamp at the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.
To make sure the brothers would be given every assistance on their travels, Kublai Khan presented them with a golden tablet (or paiza in Chinese, gerege in Mongolian) a foot long and three inches wide and inscribed with the words (Left Fig.): "By the strength of the eternal Heaven, holy be the Khan's name. Let him that pays him not reverence be killed." The golden tablet was the special VIP passport, authorizing the travelers to receive throughout the Great Khan's dominions such horses, lodging, food and guides as they required. It took the Polos three full years to return home, in April 1269.
Although the Polo brothers blazed a trail of their own on their first journey to the East, they were not the first Europeans to visit the Mongols on their home ground. Before them Giovanni di Piano Carpini in 1245 and Guillaume de Rubrouck in 1253 had made the dangerously journey to Karakorum and returned safely; however the Polos traveled farther than Carpini and Rubrouck and reached China.
Marco Polo's Birth and Growing Up
According to one authority, the Polo family were great nobles originating on the coast of Dalmatia. Niccolo and Maffeo had established a trading outpost on the island of Curzola, off the coast of Dalmatia; it is not certain whether Marco Polo was born there or in Venice in 1254. The place Marco Polo grew up, Venice, was the center for commerce in the Mediterranean. Marco had the usual education of a young gentleman of his time. He had learned much of the classical authors, understood the texts of the Bible, and knew the basic theology of the Latin Church. He had a sound knowledge of commercial French as well as Italian. From his later history we can be sure of his interest in natural resources, in the ways of people, as well as strange and interesting plants and animals.
Marco Polo was only 6 years old when his father and uncle set out eastward on their first trip to Cathay (China). He was by then 15 years old when his father and his uncle returned to Venice and his mother had already passed away. He remained in Venice with his father and uncle for two more years and then three of them embarked the most couragous journey to Cathay the second time.
The Long and Difficult Journey to Cathay
At the end of year 1271, receiving letters and valuable gifts for the Great Khan from the new Pope Tedaldo (Gregory x), the Polos once more set out from Venice on their journey to the east. They took with them 17-year-old Marco Polo and two friars. The two friars hastily turned back after reaching a war zone, but the Polos carried on. They passed through Armenia, Persia, and Afghanistan, over the Pamirs, and all along the Silk Road to China.
Avoiding to travel the same route the Polos did 10 years ago, they made a wide swing to the north, first arriving to the southern Caucasus and the kingdom of Georgia. Then they journeyed along the regions parallel to the western shores of the Caspian Sea, reaching Tabriz and made their way south to Hormuz on the Persian Gulf. They intended to take sea route to the Chinese port. From Hormuz, however, finding the ships "wretched affairs....only stitched together with twine made from the husk of the Indian nut", they decided to go overland to Cathay and continued eastwards. From Homurz to Kerman, passing Herat, Balkh, they arrived Badakhshan, where Marco Polo convalesced from an illness and stayed there for a year. On the move again, they found themselves on "the highest place in the world, the Pamirs", with its name appeared in the history for the first time.
When the Polos arrived the Taklamakan desert (or Taim Basin), this time they skirted around the desert on the southern route, passing through Yarkand, Khotan, Cherchen, and Lop-Nor. Marco's keen eye picked out the most notable peculiarities of each. At Yarkand, he described that the locals were extremely prone to goiter, which Marco blamed on the local drinking water. In the rivers of Pem province were found "stones called jasper and chalcedony in plenty" - a reference to jade. At Pem, "when a woman's husband leaves her to go on a journey of more than 20 days, as soon as he has left, she takes another husband, and this she is fully entitled to do by local usage. And the men, wherever they go, take wives in the same way." Cherchen was also a noted jade source.
It is the Gobi desert (Right Fig.)where Marco Polo left us the feeling of awe for the vastness of desert and its effects on those hardy enough to penetrate it: "This desert is reported to be so long that it would take a year to go from end to end; and at the narrowest point it takes a month to cross it. It consists entirely of mountains and sands and valleys. There is nothing at all to eat." Despite the dangers encountered during the Gobi crossing, Marco's account suggests that the route was safe and well established during Mongol's reign. After they left Gobi, the first major city they passed was Suchow (Dunhuang), in Tangut province, where Marco stayed for a year. Marco also noted the center of the asbestos industry in Uighuristan, with its capital Karakhoja; he added that the way to clean asbestos cloth was to throw it into a fire, and that a specimen was brought back from Cathay by the Polos and presented to the Pope.
The fact that Marco was not a historian did not stop him offering a long history about the Mongols. He provided a detailed account of the rise of Mongol and Great Khan's life and empire. He described the ceremonial of a Great Khan's funeral - anyone unfortunate enough to encounter the funeral cortege was put to death to serve their lord in the next world, Mangu Khan's corpse scoring over twenty thousand victims. He told of life on the steppes, of the felt-covered yurt drawn by oxen and camels, and of the household customs. What impressed Marco most was the way in which the women got on with the lion's share of the work:"the men do not bother themselves about anything but hunting and warfare and falconry." In term of marriage, Marco described that the Mongols practiced polygamy. A Mongol man could take as many wives as he liked. On the death of the head of the house the eldest son married his father's wives, but not his own mother. A man could also take on his brother's wives if they were widowed. Marco rounded off his account of Mongol's home life by mentioning that alcoholic standby which had impressed Rubrouck before him:"They drink mare's milk subjected to a process that makes it like white wine and very good to drink. It is called koumiss"
Marco's account of the Mongol's life is particularly interesting when compared to the tale of many wonders of Chinese civilization which he was soon to see for himself. Kublai Khan, though ruling with all the spender of an Emperor of China, never forgot where he had come from: it is said that he had had seeds of steppe grass sown in the courtyard of the Imperial Palace so that he could always be reminded of his Mongol homeland. During his long stay in Cathay and Marco had many conversations with Kublai, Marco must have come to appreciate the Great Khan's awareness of his Mongol origins, and the detail in which the Mongols are described in his book suggests that he was moved to make a close study of their ways.
Finally the long journey was nearly over and the Great Khan had been told of their approach. He sent out a royal escort to bring the travellers to his presense. In May 1275 the Polos arrived to the original capital of Kublai Khan at Shang-tu (then the summer residence), subsequently his winter palace at his capital, Cambaluc (Beijing). By then it had been 3 and half years since they left Venice and they had traveled total of 5600 miles on the journey. Marco recalled it in detail on the greatest moment when he first met the Great Khan (Left Fig.):
" They knelt before him and made obeisance with the utmost humility. The Great Khan bade them rise and received them honorably and entertained them with good cheer. He asked many questions about their condition and how they fared after their departure. The brothers assured him that they had indeed fared well, since they found him well and flourishing. Then they presented the privileges and letters which the Pope had sent, with which he was greatly pleased, and handed over the holy oil, which he received with joy and prized very hightly. When the Great Khan saw Marco, who was then a young stripling, he asked who he was. 'Sir' said Messer Niccolo, 'he is my son and your liege man.' 'He is heartly welcome,' said the Khan. What need to make a long story of it? Great indeed were the mirth and merry-making with which the Great khan and all his Court welcomed the arrival of these emissaries. And they were well served and attended to in all their needs. They stayed at Court and had a place of honor above the other barons."
Years Serviced in Khan's Court
Marco, a gifted linguist and master of four languages, became a favorite with the khan and was appointed to high posts in his administration. He served at the Khan's court and was sent on a number of special missions in China, Burma and India. Many places which Marco saw were not seen again by Europeans until last century. Marco went on great length to describe Kublia's capital, ceremonies, hunting and public assistance, and they were all to be found on a much smaller scale in Europe. Marco Polo fell in love with the capital, which later became part of Beijing, then called Cambaluc or Khanbalig, meant 'city of the Khan.' This new city, built because astrologers predicted rebellion in the old one, was described as the most magnificent city in the world. He marveled the summer palace in particular. He described "the greatest palace that ever was". The walls were covered with gold and silver and the Hall was so large that it could easily dine 6,000 people. The palace was made of cane supported by 200 silk cords, which could be taken to pieces and transported easily when the Emperor moved. There too, the Khan kept a stud of 10,000 speckless white horses, whose milk was reserved for his family and for a tribe which had won a victory for Genghis Khan." fine marble Palace, the rooms of which are all gilt and painted with figures of men and beasts....all executed with such exquisite art that you regard them with delight and astonishment." This description later inspired the English poet Coleridge to write his famous poem about Kublai Khan's "stately pleasure-dome" in Xanadu (or Shang-du).
However there were some phenomena which were totally new to him. The first we have already met, asbestos, but the other three beggared his imagination, and they were paper currency, coal and the imperial post.
The idea of paper substituting gold and silver was a total surprise even to the merchantile Polos. Marco attributed the success of paper money to Kublai stature as a ruler. "With these pieces of paper they can buy anything and pay for anything. And I can tell you that the papers that reckon as ten bezants do not weight one." Marco's expressions of wonder at "stones that burn like logs" show us how ignorant even a man of a leading Mediterranean seapower could be in the 13th century. Coal was by no means unknown in Europe but was new to Marco: "
It is true that they have plenty of firewood, too. But the population is so enormous and there are so many bath-houses and baths constantly being heated, that it would be impossible to supply enough firewood, since there is no one who does not visit a bath-house at least 3 times a week and take a bath - in winter every day, if he can manage it. Every man of rank or means has his own bathroom in his house....so these stones, being very plentiful and very cheap, effect a great saving of wood."
Marco was equally impressed with the efficient communication system in the Mongol world. There were three main grades of dispatch, which may be rendered in modern terms as 'second class', 'first class', and 'On His Imperial Majesty's Service: Top Priority'. 'Second class' messages were carried by foot-runners, who had relay-stations three miles apart. Each messenger wore a special belt hung with small bells to announce his approach and ensure that his relief was out on the road and ready for a smooth takeover. This system enabled a message to cover the distance of a normal ten-day journey in 24 hours. At each three miles station a log was kept on the flow of messages and all the routes were patrolled by inspectors. 'First class' business was conveyed on horseback, with relay-stages of 25 miles. But the really important business of Kublai empire was carried by non-stop dispatch-riders carrying the special tablet with the sign of the gerfalcon. At the approach to each post-house the messenger would sound his horn; the ostlers would bring out a ready-saddled fresh horse, the messenger would transfer to it and gallop straight off. Marco affirmed that those courier horsemen could travel 250 or 300 miles in a day.
Marco Polo traveled in great deal in China. He was amazed with China's enormous power, great wealth, and complex social structure. China under the Yuan (The Mongol Empire) dynasty was a huge empire whose internal economy dwarfed that of Europe. He reported that Iron manufacture was around 125,000 tons a year (a level not reached in Europe before the 18th century) and salt production was on a prodigious scale: 30,000 tons a year in one province alone. A canal-based transportation system linked China's huge cities and markets in a vast internal communication network in which paper money and credit facilities were highly developed. The citizens could purchase paperback books with paper money, eat rice from fine porcelain bowls and wear silk garments, lived in prosperous city that no European town could match.
Kublai Khan appointed Marco Polo as an official of the Privy Council in 1277 and for 3 years he was a tax inspector in Yanzhou, a city on the Grand Canal, northeast of Nanking. He also visited Karakorum and part of Siberia. Meanwhile his father and uncle took part in the assault on the town of Siang Yang Fou, for which they designed and constructed siege engines. He frequently visited Hangzhou, another city very near Yangzhou. At one time Hangzhou was the capital of the Song dynasty and had a beautiful lakes and many canals, like Marco's hometown, Venice. Marco fell in love with it.
Coming Home
The Polos stayed in Khan's court for 17 years, acquiring great wealth in jewels and gold. They were anxious to be on the move since they feared that if Kublai - now in his late seventies - were to die, they might not be able to get their considerable fortune out of the country. The Kublai Khan reluctantly agreed to let them return after they escorted a Mongol princess Kokachin to marry to a Persian prince, Arghun.
Marco did not provide full account of his long journey home. The sea journey took 2 years during which 600 passengers and crewed died. Marco did not give much clue as to what went wrong on the trip, but there are some theories. Some think they may have died from scurvy, cholera or by drowning; others suggest the losses were caused by the hostile natives and pirate attacks. This dreadful sea voyage passed through the South China Sea to Sumatra and the Indian Ocean, and finally docked at Hormuz. There they learned that Arghun had died two years previously so the princess married to his son, prince Ghazan, instead. In Persia they also learned of the death of Kublai Khan. However his protection outlived him, for it was only by showing his golden tablet of authority that they were able to travel safely through the bandit-ridden interior. Marco admitted that the passports of golden tablets were powerful:
"Throughout his dominions the Polos were supplied with horses and provisions and everything needful......I assure you for a fact that on many occasions they were given two hundred horsemen, sometimes more and sometimes less, according to the number needed to escort them and ensure their safe passage from one district to another."
From Trebizond on the Black Sea coast they went by sea, by way of Constantinople, to Venice, arriving home in the winter of 1295.
Conclusion
From this project it can be concluded that Marko Polo is the property and inheritance of the whole world. His life story still speaks clearly to today's man about the richness of various ambiences, races and cultures, and about the instinctive wish of every well-intentioned inhabitant of the Earth to know the world around him, to get more contact with other people, and live his life in an interesting way in friendly relationships with others and not against them. Exactly as did the first world traveler and writer, MARKO POLO
فاطمه كول
07-03-2005, 05:48 AM
تعريفها : هو المحلول الذي يقاوم التغيرات المفاجأة على ايون الهيدرونيوم .
تركيبه : 1- حمض ضعيف وملحه . CH3COOH / CH3COO
2- قاعدة ضعيفة وملحها . NH3 / NH4
عملها :-
1- عند اضافة حمض قوي الى المحلول المنظم CH3COOH / CH3COO يتفاعل H30
من الحمض القوي مع الملح من المحلول المنظم .
2- عند اضافة قاعدة قوية الى المحلول المنظم CH3COOH / CH3COO
يتفاعل OH من القاعدة القوية مع الحمض من المحلول الحمضي .
إن المـحاليل المنـظمة تتكون مــن مـزيج لحامض ضــعيف وأحد أملاحه أو مزيج مـن قاعدة ضعيفة وأحد أمــلاحها يــقاوم التـغير فــي الأس الهيدروجــيني ( pH ) نتـيجة لإضــافة كمـية مـن حامض قــوي أو قاعدة قــوية .
ولكي نتعرف على المحلول المنظم وكيف يؤدي دوره نعرض بعض الأمثلة الآتــية :
مــثال 1
عـند الافتـراض أن لديـنا لـترا مــن ماء مقطر ( pH=7 ) ثم أضــيف إليه 1 مل مـن حــامــض الهــيدروكلوريك درجــة تــركيزه 1,0 عيــاري أو واحد مل هيدروكسيــد الصــوديوم عيارته 01,0 ع ماذا يــحدث ؟
فــي الحــالة الأولـى وهـي إضـافة 1 مـل مـن حامـض الهيدروكلوريك 1,0 ع يتغير ال pH من 7 إلى 5 بـينمـا في الحــالة الثانــية وهي إضــافة 1 مل من هيدروكسيــد الصوديوم 01,0 ع يتحول ال pH من 7 إلى 9 أي أن التغـير فـي ال pH واضــح وملــموس .
مــثال 2
نفرض ان لدينا لترا من مخلوط لمحلولي حامض ضعيف وملحه مثل مخلوط حامض الخلــيك و خــلات الصــوديــوم أو مخلــوط لمحلولـي قاعـدة ضعيفــة وملحهــا مثـل هيدروكسـيد الأمونيوم وكلـوريد الأمونـيوم ثم أضيف للمخلوط الأول أو الثاني كميــة من حامض HCl و NaOH وبنفس التــركيز التي استخدم في المثــال ( 1 ) مــاذا يحــدث ؟
نلاحظ أن التغير في ال pH لمخلوط الحامض الضعيف وملحه أو المخلـوط القـاعدة الضعيفة وملحها نتيجة إضافة حامض أو القاعدة يكون طفيفا وغير ملحوظ .
ونستنتج من المثال السابق أن المحاليل المائية للحوامــض أو القـاعدة تكــون حساسـة جدا للتغير فـي درجــة الحموضة ( الأس الهيدروجينـي ) ( pH ) نتيجــة وجــود أي مصدر لحامض أو قاعدة ، بينما مخاليط الحوامض الضعيفـة و أملاحهـا تقــاوم هــذا التغير في درجة ال pH وهذه المخاليط أطلق عليها أسم المحاليل المنظمة .
يعتمد قدرة المحلول المنظم على عاملين همــا :
–1 النسبــة بــين درجــة الــتركيز الجزيئــي للملـــح والحامــض .
–2 درجة تركيز كل من الأملاح والحامض حيث تزداد القدرة كلــما زادت درجــة التـــركيز .
تطبيقات علمية للمحاليل المنظمة :
تؤدي المحاليل دورا مـهمــا في التحليل الكيميائي حيث تلزم بـعض التفاعــلات التــي تجري في أثنــاء التحلــيل أن تتم في وسط له pH معين ويتم عمل المحلول المنظــم الذي له هذه الدرجة مــن الpH وذلك باختيار حامض ضعيف أو قاعدة ضعيفة لهــا
ثابت تأين قريب من ال pH . المطلوب أن نختار نسبة من الحامض الضعيف وملحه أو مـن القاعــدة الضعيفة وملحها بحيث تؤدي هذه النسبة مع ثابـت التأين إلى ال pH المطلوب . ومن الناحية العلمية التطبيقية تستخدم محاليل منظمة لهـا تركيز يتــراوح بين 05,0 و 1,0 مولاري وهذه المخاليط تعمل في مدى أس هـيدروجيني .
ويتلخص عمل المحلول المنظم كمــا يلي :
1 ـ يقوم حامض الكاربونيك وهو حامض ضعيف ، بالتفاعل مع أيون الهيـدروكسيل الذي يمثل زيــادة القاعدية التي تحصل فـي الدم ، أي يقوم بمعادلة الكمية الزائدة مــن أيون الهيدروكسيــل .
H2CO3 OH HCO3 H2O .
2 ـ يقوم أيون البيكاربونــات ، وهو يمثل ملح الحامض الضعيف أو القاعدة المـرادفة للحامض ، بمعادلة زيادة أيون الهيدروجين التي تشمل ارتفاع حامـضية الدم .
HCO3 H H2CO3 .
ويعد حامض الكاربونيك مادة جيدة لمسك البروتونات الزائدة لأنه حامــض ضعـيف ودرجة تأينه واطئة جــدا .
وثمـة محلول منظم آخر في الدم هو المحلول المؤلف من فوسفات الهيدروجين أحادية الحموضــة ، وفوسفات ثنائية الحموضــة ، حيــث تمثل المادة الأولى ملح الحــامض بينما تشكل المادة الثانية الحامض الضعيف . ويقوم الحامض الضــعيف بمعادلة زيادة أيون الهيدروكسيل .
H2PO4 OH HPO4 H2O .
أما فوسفات الهيدروجين الأحادية الحموضة فتعادل زيادة أيون الهيدروجين .
HPO4 H H2PO4 .
تحتوي العصارات المعدية على محاليل منظمة ذات حامضية قــوية قيمــة pH فيها تساوي 5,1 وهي تقارن بحامضية الهيدروكلوريك تركيزه 01,0 مولا ري .
وهـذه الحـامضيـة العاليــة جــدا في جعل التحليل المائي للبروتينــات وتحويلهــا إلــى حـوامض أمينـية اكفــأ مــا يمكن . وعمليــة التحـلل المائـي للـبروتينـات لازمــة لأن جزيئاتهــا كبـيرة بحيث لا يمكن امتصاصها من جدران الأمعاء ، أمــا جزيئــات الحــوامـض الأمينـية الناتجة فتستطيع أن تنفذ من خلال جدران الأمعاء ويمكن امتصاصها بواسطة الــدم .
أن الأنســجة الــحية حـــساسة جــدا إلــى التغيرات الــتركيـبية فــي الــسوائـــل التـي تــمر بــها وأن ميكانيكــيات (Mechanisms ) تنظيم وتثبيت البيئـة الداخليــة التــي تجري فيها التفاعلات داخل الكائن الحي في ظروف ثابتة تتضمن واحــدا مــن اكــثر الأطوار المهمة في دراسة العلوم البيولوجــية ، وإحدى الوجهــات المهــمة فــي هــذا التنظيم الحصول على قيمة ال pH ثابتة تقريبا في محيط الدم والسوائل الأخرى فــي الجسم . فمن المعروف أن كثيرا من المواد الحامضية ، والقاعدية تدخل الجسم عبر الجهاز الهضمي وتتكون باستمرار التغيرات الكيميائية في الخلايا الحية .
فاطمه كول
07-03-2005, 05:51 AM
Unit one
writing about sport
taking a part in organised sport is the dream of most of youngesters, especailly boys all over the world. Although being decied to sport has advantages and disadvantages.
To begin with, being on a team makes you popular and famous. Beside that, Partispating in organised sport teachers you to deal with the pressuse of life. Added to that. it makes you healthier and stronger. Morever. you earn alot of money.
On the other hand, being on a team makes you feel tired most of time as you can't ship a training session. In addition, you'll make a lot of sacrifieces such as, leaving school if you have matches as well as for away from your family. Last but not least, you'll be worried about injuries because injuries finished your career and you'll also be anxious about wining.
To sum up. I think in spite of the disadvantages it's very excited to have a challenge and be succeddful other wise on a team or as a hobby
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unit one writing about famous player
Michal Owen is a popular British football player. He was born in 4th December 1979. He started playing football since he was 10 years old at school then he joined Liverpool club when he was 17.
Owen trains very hard. Her training sessions start from 2 o'clock in the afternoon to 10 o'clock in the evening every day and they increase if he has important match. He is addicated to football so he sacifices the social life. I don't have time to spend with my family or to see friends"He said" He also was late to enter collage. As any football player Owen worries a lot about injuries. He has injuries once in 1998, his ankle was broken and that stopped him playing for three month. He was very upset all the time.
Owen scored many goals. In one match he scored 9 goals and that was un the first twenty minutes. Also he led his team to many shampoind in 1998. He won a lot of awords. In the future he dream to be the best football player. I think he is one of the best player.
هذي الفقرة تتحدث فيها عن نفسك بأنك ربحت المليون وماذا سوف تفعل بالمال
I was over the moon the day I was informed that I had won 1,000,000 dinars . I invited all my relatives and friends and had a big party everyone was talking about.
Now , I'm thinking about what to do with the money. Sometimes I feel I haven't got a clue about it. I belive that firstly I need to go on holiday in Dubay and go on a spending spree. I shall also give some money to my parents to have our run-down house repaired and redecorated. I needs to be rewired and refurnished ,as well.
My brother and sister need some money to pay for their university education.
I still haven't run out of steam! I will help in building the new hospital in our town.
In addition, I'm going to see the best doctors in town to have my body checked and my teeth straightened.
Last but not least, I'm going to buy a new sport car. Driving around is my favourite hobby.
هذه الفقرة تتكلم عن مستكشف كبير وعن المناطق التي قام بزيارتها
Marco Polo was a Venetian explorer. His journey across the world from Venice to China and back made him one of the greatest travllers of all time.
He was born in Venice in 1354. At the age of 17, his brothers took him with them on thier travels. They travelled to Acre and rode overland to Hormz on the Persian gulf. From there they turned northward to Balkh and Khotan. Then they crossed the Gobi desert and entered China.
Marco studied the Mangol language and was entrusted by the emperor with various missions in different parts of his realm. He made careful notes of his itineraries, the state of the cities and the customs of the people.
After 17 years of travelling, Marco returned to Venice in 1295. He died there in 1324 aT THE AGE OF 70.
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Last friday my friend and I went to the beach .forapicnic.Unfortunately we had a series of misfortunes
First, we had a punture on ower way so we stopped to change the flat tyre, but the spare on was puntured too, so we waited for a car lift to take us to the nearest garage to have them repaired. It took us one and a half hour. Until we reached the beach. Everything went smoothly. we swam in the sea, played volley ball and had fun. We were hungry, so we decied to have our lunch. When we went back to the place where we had put our pinic, we could not find our food. it was stolen and we didn't have money to buy even a sandwich. My friend phoned his father to send us some money. His father was very angry and accused us of being so carlessand ordersed us to return home. We began to collect our stuffs, during that one of the boys stepped on a broken glass and cut hid foot. It was a deep cut and bled a lot. To make the matter worse, we didn't take any firsf aid with us. luckily some people helped him and took him to the hospital, he had six sitches. It was late when we returned home and we were tired, hungry and sparents were waiting anggrily. The next day iI could not get up because I was very sick. I dtayed in bad for 2 days suffering for cold, geadech and baclecg.
I t was the most terrible picnic I've ever had.
Dear......
Hi! Hope you are fine. I'm writing to tell you about the experince I had in the Iron Age recreation village and how wonderful it was.
well, last month i went with my family and other six family to Iron Age village. My father wanted to find out how the life used to be like in that period. We left the comfort civivlization to live in that ancient place.
can you image how hard it was. I used to wake up early everymorning to start my day helping my mother in preparing food, washing clothes. My mother was in a big trouble because she could not get used to cooking with ancient equipment. we both could not start the life there. My father and brother used to work haedes. they used to choop wood, hunt animals and fetch water in buchets and by night everyone was tired.
Anyway, we had a nice time too, especially ain the evening when the families sat together around the fire teeling jokes and stories. We missed all the luxury of modern life like our house, TV, computer, talking on phone and belive it or not the school
Wish you were with me.
Unit 8
writing about war
There is no compulsory military service in our country. I think it will be good if there are compulsory military so I can prepare for war to be ready to defiend my self, family and my country. I will fight in a war if the enemy unvade my land or my religion. I thinl the main causes for war is imperialism and petroleum. Women should not be member of the armed forces. They can do a lot of things like stay at home with their children. Men are stoner than women, so they should protect them. The weapon in the past were knife and stone and noe the weapon are gund and tank. I agree with the statement "nobody un wars wins" because there must be loses un the both sides of the war
UNIT 11
Maraiage over the years
Marraige ceremonies today are totally diffrent from the padt. They have changed a lot.
In the past the ceremonies lasted for a week. All nigbours shared the bride and the groom families on celebrating this even. They used to cook meals for seven days accompained with traditional songs and dance. In addition, the bride used to wear traditional costumerss and gold as the modt common, important traditional jewellary for bride, to show how wealthy the groom was.
Whereas, mariages today are more costly. They take place in a big ball room in five star hotels. Brides are dressed in the lastest fashionable out fits, which are deshned by famous fadhion designer, accomplained with a set of luxurious diamonds. More over, buffet is served to gutes and musical bands play modern songs.
To sum up, I prefer modern marriages to traditional marriges, because they are more enjoyable