طلبتكم شباب لاتردوني

[سعوووووووووود]

سلام عليكم ورحمه الله وبركاته وبعد

شخباركم شباب شخبار الدراسه وياكم ههههههههه

طلبتكم يا جماعه ابي بحث لمقرر ادر 211

وباكون شاكر لكم يا الغالين

وشكراااا................:lol:

[رفـــــاعي]

Administrative and management

The word Administrative and management both appear in the institute's title. Although often used synonymously it is possible to distinguish between the two terms. Lets us begin with Administration.

Administration


Is a word with a diversity of meanings. The term is often used in the sense of government direction or policy-making. The root meaning of administration however, is to serve. An administrator in this sense is, therefore, a servant who provides help and assistance. Administration is often used to refer to such activities and procedures as accounting, bookkeeping and other internal communication or record, i.e. clerical or office work as distinct from the principal productive or professional purposes of an organization. Thus, offices and the people who work in them are sometimes referred to respectively as administrative blocks or administrative staff. This is the sense in which the term is used by the institute of administrative management, which defines administrative as:
A branch management which is concerned with the services of obtaining, recording and analyzing information, of planning and communicating by means of which the management of a business safeguards its assets, promotes its affairs and achieves its objectives.
The term Administrative is used somewhat differently in the field of public and business administration. Public administration is undertaken on behalf of central and local government institutions only.
Administration is, therefore, both a function and a process.
* As a function it may be defined as:
The person or body of persons that decides the aims to be achieved by an organization and its employees and the policies under which they are to operate.

* As a process, administration is:
The means and procedures through which decisions and policies are implemented.
Management



In the previous section an attempt was made to avoid using the term management. This was because, strictly, administration or the making and legitimating of policy is distinct from policy execution or implementation which relates more closely to managerial activities. In practice, however, administration and management overlap and from this point onwards the two terms will be regarded, somewhat imprecisely, as synonymous. This section is concerned with three aspects of management: The nature of management; management typology and management roles.

The nature of management



Management like administration has a diversity of meanings. As Duckers states, management is tasks. Management is a discipline. But management is also people. As emphasized in the first two of the above definitions, however, management is also a process. We can, therefore, approach management from the standpoints of function, process, discipline and profession.

1- Function:
The group of people usually referred to as the management Is responsible for directing and running as organization. As a function, management may also refer to such sub-areas as administrative, financial, marketing , personnel and purchasing.

2- Process:
Activities by which internal and external resources are combined to achieve the objectives of an organization. These activities are better described as managing. A key word in this statement is resources. On occasion management is defined as the process of getting things done through people. Even human resources managers, however, are not concerned only with people. In addition to human resources, they are to a greater or lesser extent involved in the management of money, machines and materials, as well as to people.

3-Discipline:
A discipline is a department of knowledge. There is now a substantial body of knowledge relating both to management and its sub-areas such as those mentioned above under function. Another name for a body of knowledge is science and management or administration is now widely regarded as a social science. Other social sciences include anthropology, economics, ethics, history, law, psychology and sociology. Management draws heavily on these fields, especially individual and social psychology and industrial sociology.

Top management


In a company, top managers may or may not be directors. In the former case they are answerable to the shareholders by whom they are appointed. Their prime esponsibility, however, is not to the shareholders but to the company which, in law, is an artificial person distinct and separate from its members. Directors are not employees or servants of the company. When members of top management are not directors, they will be answerable to the board of directors and be employees. Top management usually, but not necessarily, general managers.

Senior management

Senior managers are those responsible for major areas of organizational activity, e.g. marketing and production and are, therefore, functional managers. They are answerable to top management.
Middle management

Both top and senior management are primarily concerned with policy formulation. Middle managers, while involved to a limited extent in the marking of policy. Middle managers are answerable to top or senior management and responsible for the work of supervisory management.


Supervisory management



Supervisor or first line managers are those responsible for the management of employees directly engaged in producing the good or services provided by an undertaking. Persons with such diverse tittles as fore-person, ward manager, section-leader, sergeant and head-waiter are essentially supervisors. Supervisors, by whatever title they are called, are answerable to middle management or, in smaller concerns, senior management

[رفـــــاعي]

اخوي اذا الموضوع مو مناسب...


عطيني المواضيع الي تبيهم وان شاء الله اقدر اجيبهم...

[سعوووووووووود]

مشكور اخوي وماقصر ويزاك الله الف خير وتسلم

[رفـــــاعي]

حاااااااااضرين ...

واذا بغيت اي شي,,

طرش مسج بس,,,